Coffee! Should I be drinking it and are there any health consequences?

created on 3/7/21 @ 04:29PM, updated on 6/8/22 @ 04:27AM

Summary

Coffee has been studied extensively for its health benefits and risk for the general public. Through several meta-analyses, moderate coffee consumption of generally 3 to 5 cups has shown to help reduce risks of liver cancer [not found] , cardiovascular disease [not found] , heart failure, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke [Coffee Reduces Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Updated Meta-analysis [2013, Francesca Bravi]][Coffee Consumption and Stroke Risk: A Meta-analysis of Epidemiologic Studies [2012, Byung‐Sung Kim]]and other cancers.

Sources

William FanMar 10, 2021 at 10:59 am

A fantastic video from NutritionFacts.org on potential differences in health effects of Coffee/Caffeine in different caffeine metabolizers. This summary also makes the case that some of the health benefits that we've seen in observational studies don't pass the rigor in RCTs and other intervention studies besides Liver protection.

Do the Health Benefits of Coffee Apply to Everyone? | NutritionFacts.org

William FanMar 08, 2021 at 3:37 am

"This meta-analysis suggests an overall harm of coffee intake in increasing the risk of fractures, especially for women. But current data are insufficient to reach a convincing conclusion and further research needs to be conducted."

$Systematic review/Meta-analysis Coffee consumption and risk of fractures: a meta-analysis$

Systematic review/Meta-analysis Coffee consumption and risk of fractures: a meta-analysis

William FanMar 08, 2021 at 3:33 am

"The substantial majority finding from observational studies and meta-analyses is that maternal caffeine consumption is reliably associated with major negative pregnancy outcomes. Reported findings were robust to threats from potential confounding and misclassification. Among both observational studies and meta-analyses, there were frequent reports of significant dose–response associations suggestive of causation, and frequent reports of no threshold of consumption below which associations were absent. Consequently, current evidence does not support health advice that assumes 'moderate' caffeine consumption during pregnancy is safe. On the contrary, the cumulative scientific evidence supports pregnant women and women contemplating pregnancy being advised to avoid caffeine."

Maternal caffeine consumption and pregnancy outcomes: a narrative review with implications for advice to mothers and mothers-to-be

William FanMar 08, 2021 at 3:29 am

A good summary read from the NYTimes. In moderation, coffee seems to be good for most people — that’s 3 to 5 cups daily, or up to 400 milligrams of caffeine. “The evidence is pretty consistent that coffee is associated with a lower risk of mortality,” said Erikka Loftfield, a research fellow at the National Cancer Institute who has studied the beverage.

Is Coffee Good for You? (Published 2020)

William FanMar 08, 2021 at 3:27 am

"Of the 59 unique outcomes examined in the selected 112 meta-analyses of observational studies, coffee was associated with a probable decreased risk of breast, colorectal, colon, endometrial, and prostate cancers; cardiovascular disease and mortality; Parkinson's disease; and type-2 diabetes. Of the 14 unique outcomes examined in the 20 selected meta-analyses of observational studies, caffeine was associated with a probable decreased risk of Parkinson's disease and type-2 diabetes and an increased risk of pregnancy loss. Of the 12 unique acute outcomes examined in the selected 9 meta-analyses of RCTs, coffee was associated with a rise in serum lipids, but this result was affected by significant heterogeneity, and caffeine was associated with a rise in blood pressure. Given the spectrum of conditions studied and the robustness of many of the results, these findings indicate that coffee can be part of a healthful diet."

Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review - PubMed

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 5:31 pm

There was evidence of a non-linear association between consumption and some outcomes, with summary estimates indicating largest relative risk reduction at intakes of three to four cups a day versus none, including all cause mortality (relative risk 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.79 to 0.88), cardiovascular mortality (0.81, 0.72 to 0.90), and cardiovascular disease (0.85, 0.80 to 0.90). High versus low consumption was associated with an 18% lower risk of incident cancer (0.82, 0.74 to 0.89). Consumption was also associated with a lower risk of several specific cancers and neurological, metabolic, and liver conditions.

Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes - PubMed

Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes

The BMJ, November 2017

by Ruth Poole, Oliver Kennedy, Paul Roderick, Jonathan Fallowfield, Peter Hayes, Julie Parkes

The impact of coffee on health

Maturitas, May 2013

by A. Cano-Marquina, Juan J. Tarı́n, Antonio Cano

Analytical methods applied for the characterization and the determination of bioactive compounds in coffee

European Food Research and Technology, October 2014

by Magdalena Jeszka-Skowron, Agnieszka Zgoła‐Grześkowiak, Tomasz Grześkowiak

Coffee: biochemistry and potential impact on health

Food & Function, January 2014

by Iziar A. Ludwig, Michael N. Clifford, Michael E. J. Lean, Hiroshi Ashihara, Alan Crozier

Discriminate Analysis of Roasted Coffee Varieties for Trigonelline, Nicotinic Acid, and Caffeine Content

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, July 2000

by Susana Casal, M. Beatriz P.P. Oliveira, M. Rui Alves, Margarida Ferreira

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 5:24 pm

"There was no significant sex difference on the frequency and quantity of coffee consumption but a significant age difference in favour of younger respondents was recorded on frequency of coffee consumption. Various symptoms reported by the respondents confirmed the stimulating properties of caffeine."

(PDF) Self Reported Symptoms Associated with Coffee Consumption among University Students in Nigeria

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 5:00 pm

"Coffee, reproducing the conditions under which caffeine is normally ingested, containing 3, 75, 150 or 300 mg of caffeine was given to healthy male and female volunteers. 25-30 min after drinking the beverage, they completed the Spanish version of the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI). The beverage increased state anxiety, in a dose-dependent manner, in males but not in females. This could be due to a lesser sensitivity of females to coffee."

Coffee increases state anxiety in males but not in females - PubMed

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 4:52 pm

"Moderate coffee consumption is inversely associated with risk of heart failure, with the largest inverse association observed for consumption of 4 servings per day."

Habitual coffee consumption and risk of heart failure: a dose-response meta-analysis - PubMed

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 4:49 pm

"Given that a cohort study gives a higher level of evidence than a case-control study, there is no evidence to support a harmful effect of coffee consumption on prostate cancer risk. Further prospective cohort studies are required."

Coffee consumption and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies - PubMed

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 4:38 pm

"From this meta-analysis, the risk of HCC is reduced by 40% for any coffee consumption vs no consumption. The inverse association might partly or largely exist because patients with liver and digestive diseases reduce their coffee intake. However, coffee has been shown to affect liver enzymes and development of cirrhosis, and therefore could protect against liver carcinogenesis."

Coffee reduces risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis - PubMed

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 4:37 pm

The results of this meta-analysis suggested an inverse association between coffee consumption and liver cancer. Because of the small number of studies, further prospective studies are needed.

Consumption of coffee associated with reduced risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 4:34 pm

All studies observed an inverse relation between coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer, and in 6 studies the association was statistically significant. Overall, an increase in consumption of 2 cups of coffee per day was associated with a 43% reduced risk of liver cancer (RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.49–0.67). Findings from this meta-analysis suggest that an increased consumption of coffee may reduce the risk of liver cancer.

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Liver Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 4:32 pm

"We found that coffee consumption of 4 cups or more per day showed a preventive effect on stroke in this meta-analysis."

Coffee Consumption and Stroke Risk: A Meta-analysis of Epidemiologic Studies - PubMed

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 4:31 pm

"Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that moderate coffee consumption may be weakly inversely associated with risk of stroke."

Coffee consumption and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies - PubMed

William FanMar 07, 2021 at 4:30 pm

Meta-analysis, key conclusion: "Moderate coffee consumption was inversely significantly associated with CVD risk, with the lowest CVD risk at 3 to 5 cups per day, and heavy coffee consumption was not associated with elevated CVD risk."

Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies - PubMed

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